In normal times, markets lean on two anchors: steady data and clear central-bank guidance. In 2024–2025, both feel loose. Measures of U.S. policy uncertainty have hit multi-decade highs, and investors are reacting less to trends than to each new twist in the story.

What looked like a near-certain December rate cut suddenly became “less clear-cut and less certain” after Fed officials publicly split; the October 2025 meeting produced rare dissents in both directions, and Chair Powell cautioned that another cut was “not a foregone conclusion.” The policy path has been a moving target, and markets are trading on that uncertainty rather than clarity.